Influence of cryptocurrency on trade facilitation in sanctioned countries and persistence of international and local peace ORAL PRESENTATION

Nowadays technology which changes rapidly has the most influence up on the countries relationship and even the people of most parts of the universe. Whatever relations would be facilitated in an international level, meeting the needs of countries by other countries and international companies as a result would be faster and have a considerable mutation. The most important mode of relationship in an international level is the commercial relationship which used as an instrument for help or enmity of countries with each other and its enmity face is revealed in sanctions.

In this article try to explain the role of block chain technology in financial transactions and its usage in cryptocurrency mining, then the abilities and advantages of using cryptocurrency and their daily role in an international business would be discussed and at the end their usage way in preventing the sanctions influence and facilitation in an international business would be shown. Whatever the influences of economical enemies would be decreased, it would prevent the clashes radicalization between the countries and the enemies would not enter to the severe clash phases and military conflict.

Mr SABOURI Ghasemali, Islamic Azad University - Dubai Branch, Iran, www.iau.ae

DIGIKEO - The social networking platform ORAL PRESENTATION

This platform brings together different civil society actors (project leaders, experts, academics, researchers, associative partners, economic partners and investors), who contribute to the setting up of CSR (corporate social responsibility) projects or sustainable projects targeting the 17 UN SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals).

It is a Blockchain architecture platform to allow everything to be secured while clearing itself of any illegitimacy because all data, analyses, transactions, reports and projects will be set in stone and unforgeable and verifiable at any time.

It is a platform that creates a solidarity and sustainable economy that allows everyone to remain useful and to use their skills for benevolent and constructive actions.

Every expert in sustainable development, whether they are academics, scientist-researchers, former civil servants of national or international institutions, can contribute to train (Academy) or accompany (Mentoring) project leaders.

DIGIKEO can serve all the States of the world and strongly contributes to reach the UN Agenda2030!

Mr. Stanislas CREZE, Secrétaire Général et Gérant Compagnie Financière Fondary, KOKEO, CFF et TwOcto.10, France, www.kokeo.org

The responsibility of Structural Adjustments plans on Poverty in Central Africa, the case of CAMEROON ORAL PRESENTATION

By dismantling and deconstructing the industrial base, inherited from the 6 five-year plans that took place in CAMEROON from 1960 to 1980, the Structural Adjustment Plans have been the machiavellian instruments of the impoverishment of the middle and poor classes in CAMEROON and a formidable tool of institutionalisation of unemployment and creation of the misery and destitution of populations.

The economic sectors which used to provide work for the middle classes, and therefore productivity with added value, vanished into thin air, unemployment settled permanently and immigration has exploded.

Mrs. Nathalie NKUM, Switzerland

Accessing the Carbon Markets to achieve Sustainable Development Goals ORAL PRESENTATION

An estimated one billion people currently do not have access to electricity, mostly from sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. As part of the United Nations agenda 2030, World Bank estimates that half of them can gain access by 2030, through the development of renewable energy minigrids. Underfunding has been identified as one of the most pressing barriers for achieving (Sustainable Development Goal 7) SDG 7 progress. At the current pace, only $9 billion had been driven to the regions to deploy between 10-50 minigrids annually per country, while about 2,000 minigrids must be deployed annually per country if the 2030 target must be achieved. It is estimated that another $127 billion are required to achieve electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, connecting 490 million people to 217,000 mini-grids by 2030.

This finance gap can’t and won’t be served by public investments only, therefore there is a crucial need to bring private investors on board and other alternative means of financing these projects. One of such is carbon finance. At CnergyFund, we are providing renewable energy minigrid project owners a blend of debt financing and the carbon market. We facilitate the end-to-end management of carbon markets access to help eligible project earn revenue from the carbon market, hence making the projects more investible.

Mr AMUSA Akeem, CnergyFund, United Kingdom, https://cnergyfund.com/

Ethical and sustainable finance and new technology: The Kokeo Life Centre: Sustainable Farm in Cambodia ORAL PRESENTATION

UNIQUE project concerning the export of 3 LABELLED "luxury" fruits (papaya, jackfruit and duriant), chosen for their need in Asia in quality and quantity.

This exploitation is done by innovative and sustainable production techniques which can generate a real progressive profitability on about 80ha because of the staggered mutation of the selected fruits.

After 6 years, including the fallow year, it is possible to offer a 40% net profit, of which 10% of the profit will be used to finance a dispensary and a training centre, the beneficiaries of which are our own farmers as well as the farmers of the region.

In this farm we find the 3 activities that can bring the survival of the human being which are complementary and necessary:

 farm operation and training in the use and assembly of new agricultural technology tools (work and training axis)

 primary and preventive care with an important psychological cell for all the staff and people in need in the region (health axis)

 housing on the farm for the farmers’ families with an insurance contract covering minimum guarantees. (housing axis)

The local KOKEO coordination team will coordinate the social actions of the project.

This is the first model of KOKEO LIVING CENTER that can bring the survival of the human being, located at the border (Thailand and Cambodia, vector of peace and development!

Mrs Vaddana KEO, Fondatrice-Présidente, and Mr. Bruno de Monteynard Responsable de la Commission de plaidoyer en charge des relations avec ONU, KOKEO, Cambodge, www.kokeo.org

KOKEO LIVING CENTRE IN DRC: Food security "Chakula Kwa Wote ORAL PRESENTATION

It is a cooperation between farmers and agricultural workers that allows for the establishment of a series of integrated food security actions. The presence of a dispensary to provide care and prevention and possible night shelters are indispensable and complementary for the total survival of the people.

The project is based above all on an exchange activity between the use of tools and agricultural machinery, seeds and agricultural accessories before the harvest.
In this way, everything is made available to facilitate the operation of the farms and the work of the land without any financial constraints. They will repay after harvesting their fruits by depositing part of their harvest to cover the cost of using the things.

The rest of their harvest will be used in part to secure basic food for their families for the year and the rest can be sold to the cooperation so that it can make products processed for export by their machines or products for storage or preservation.

In order to guarantee the sustainability of the project over time, the tools and agricultural machinery will follow the latest sustainable development technologies and our farmers will be trained accordingly.

This project covers 9000 farming households, i.e. 54000 people, with 6 people per household.

It is the collective solidarity of this cooperation that can serve as an example to reduce hunger in the world!

Mrs Vaddana KEO, Fondatrice-Présidente, and Mr. Bruno de Monteynard Responsable de la Commission de plaidoyer en charge des relations avec ONU, KOKEO, RDC – Province Nord Kivu, www.kokeo.org

China’s Foreign Policies and Influences in Africa regarding the development of Women Entrepreneurship: The Case of Ghana. ORAL PRESENTATION

Introduction to the Research Problem: After the days of independence China’s Foreign Policies and Influences on Africa gradually intensified to the early 2000s. The Forum for China and Africa Cooperation was established in the year 2000 (Shelton,2005). Besides, China’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa grew up to $ 1 Billion in 2006 to increase infrastructure development in countries like Nigeria, Mozambique, and Angola (Ngomba,2007). China has also undertaken major Peace Missions’ operations in Liberia, and has also helped in providing Agricultural Expert, Medical Supports, Road and Railway construction in many African countries (Zafar,2007). Moreover, according to McKinsey & Co., as of 2015, Chinese loans represented about a third of new debt being taken on by African governments (McKinsey & Co. 2015).

Again, from 2001 to 2011, China provided $75 billion in aid to Africa, of which about 20 percent of the $404 billion total that the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee calculated for the period (Pham, P. et al,2018). However, with regard to China’s Foreign Policies and Influences on African little or no attention is given towards Women Entrepreneurship. This sounds more worrying as women form the greater percentage of African and the world’s population (World Bank, 2017). In addition, there are some academic assertions that China is only interested in Africa’s resources and has no intentions to develop entrepreneurship in Africa (Sautman,2006:8). Also with reference to protecting local entrepreneurs in Africa, some Africans and other critiques pointed that anti-Chinese sentiments have grown in Ghana, Zambia, and South Africa because of undercutting Textile Industries, Human Right Violation, and Circulating Labour abuses, (Wines 2007; French and Polgreen 2007a; Ngomba 2007).

These assertions do not show China’s commitment to Entrepreneurship and mostly nothing geared towards Women Entrepreneurship and Empowerment. On the contrary, Women Entrepreneurships forms part of the Worlds’ Women Empowerment initiatives which is being preached by the Western Countries. For instance, “the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD,2014), reported that, in the last few decades, support for Women Entrepreneurship has been present on international political agenda”. The agenda has been on two ways; those who are concerned with the global political empowerment of women (Cliton,2011), and those who are concern with the Socio- economic empowerment of women through entrepreneurial activities (L Scott,2016; Kabeer,2009). Most importantly, China’s relationship with African has been an old friendship since the days of the struggling for independence. Around the 90s China’s Economic Cooperation with African countries intensified and took various forms towards African’s Development (Sautman,2006).

Moreover, in recent times, Africa have seen the influences of China’s involvement and Foreign Policies in its continent in various forms. The questions that therefore come to mind in the academia is “is the Smiling Dragon not interested in the well-being and development of Women Entrepreneurship in Africa? Or will China use its Foreign Policies and Influences in Africa to empower African women politically, and Economically? and is there a meeting point in the future where China’s Foreign Policies on African will be totally geared toward Women Entrepreneurship and Empowerment? Research Objectives The main aim of the study is to examine China’s Foreign Policies and Influences in Africa with regards to the development of Women Entrepreneurship.

Specific Objectives
 (1) To ascertain whether Foreign Policies between China and Ghana are mutually beneficial to Women Entrepreneurship
 (2) To examine how Chinese Foreign Policies and Influences can energize and initiate entrepreneurial attitudes among Women in Ghana.
 (3) To find out whether the Chinese Import Businesses in Ghana improve or distract the Entrepreneurial attitudes of women in Ghana.
 (4). To examine the working conditions of Ghanaian women employed by Chinese employers in Ghana.
 (5). To examine the obstacles in China’s Foreign policies with regards to Women Entrepreneurship in Ghana

Mrs GYAMFUAH Abena, Department of urban roads, Ghana, https://mrh.gov.gh/agencies/department-of-urban-roads/